YEL Entrepreneur Pension Insurance in Finland

YEL insures a person who works in the legal status of a self-employed person. It can apply to private traders, partners in general partnerships, general partners in limited partnerships and certain owner-managers of an Oy. Mere share ownership does not create YEL liability; the person must actually work in the business.

For an owner-manager of an Oy, owning more than 30% alone, or more than 50% together with family members, of the company or voting rights is an important YEL threshold. In unclear cases the Finnish Centre for Pensions can determine the correct insurance status.

In 2026, YEL generally requires the entrepreneur to be within the statutory insurance age range, work as self-employed for at least four continuous months, live in Finland, actually work in the business and have confirmed annual YEL income of at least EUR 9,423.09. The upper insurance age can be 68, 69 or 70 depending on year of birth.

Foreign nationality does not by itself remove YEL liability. Foreign entrepreneurs working in Finland can be covered when the criteria are met, although EU social-security coordination and bilateral agreements can change the result in cross-border situations.

Confirmed YEL income is the annual monetary value of the entrepreneur's own work input. A practical rule is to consider the annual wage that would be paid to an equally skilled employee doing the same work. Accounting profit or amounts withdrawn from the business are different concepts.

The pension provider uses factors such as sector median wages, amount of work, business scope, turnover and professional skills to calculate a recommended YEL income. The entrepreneur can submit additional evidence about their circumstances, and the confirmed income is issued as a reasoned, appealable decision.

Where the YEL criteria are met, insurance must be taken out within the first six months of self-employment and covers the activity from its beginning. The four-month duration test does not mean that coverage simply starts after month four; if liability exists, insurance is effective from the start of the qualifying self-employment.

YEL can be arranged with an authorised earnings-related pension provider such as Elo, Ilmarinen, Varma or Veritas, or an applicable pension fund. Voluntary private pension insurance does not replace statutory YEL.

In 2026, the YEL contribution rate is 24.4% of confirmed YEL income for all age groups. A qualifying new entrepreneur receives a 22% contribution discount for the first 48 months in total. Check how the contribution deduction should be claimed depending on how the premiums are paid.

Do not confuse the contribution percentage with confirmed income: the annual value of your work input is established first, and the contribution is then calculated from it. If your work input changes materially, discuss a revised YEL income with the pension provider.

Confirmed YEL income affects more than future pension. It is a basis for sickness allowance, parental allowances, disability-related protection and parts of an entrepreneur's unemployment security. Setting the income too low can reduce not only today's contribution but also income protection when a risk materialises.

In 2026, the annual confirmed YEL income threshold used for an entrepreneur's earnings-related unemployment security is EUR 15,481. This is different from the EUR 9,423.09 minimum threshold for mandatory YEL insurance.

Following the 2023 YEL reform, pension providers generally review confirmed YEL income every three years. During the first two reviews, a single increase is capped at EUR 4,000. From 2026 this cap also applies to the first review of newly self-employed people who began YEL insurance in 2023–2025.